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Discovering and Resolving Problems

Thursday, April 1st, 2010 by Setpoint

In any organization that intends to exist for an extended time period, learning is critical. Not repeating mistake allows a business increased profitability. Someone once said (I can’t remember who) something like - “the school of hard knocks is a hard school to go through, but only fools return”.

Over the years Setpoint has been, is, and will continue to be an engineering centric business. Most of the projects we build have never been built before; most are completely clean sheet designs, meaning that no one is quite sure what this machine will end up looking like. This means that there will be multiple iterations as we develop the machine. It is critical to our success that we discover our mistakes as soon as possible to reduce our costs. The table below illustrates how critical it is to discover the problems as soon as possible.

When Mistake is Discovered and Fixed

Relative Cost to Fix

Designing at the white board $1.00
Designing in CAD system $10.00
During build of machine $100.00
During debug phase $1,000.00
After installing at customer site $10,000.00

Over time we have developed some unwritten rules that we use to help us down the development path. For this blog we sat down and wrote down the ones that matter to Setpoint.  These are in no particular order:

  • Right to left thinking - What are we really trying to solve here?  What must be solved, what would be nice to solve, what doesn’t matter if it is solved? What happens if we just leave it alone?  Is it really a problem?

  • Stop to think and drive towards root cause or what really needs to be solved, it is too easy to get caught up in ‘noise’.  Always ask the five whys

  • Evaluate and Prioritize: does this need to be resolved this instant, don’t get caught up in minor issues and miss a fundamental problem - (forest for the trees). Most problems don’t have to be solved this instant – a little time and thought usually pays big dividends

  • Take a system view of problem, don’t resolve one problem and create 3 others because you isolated the problem and disconnected it from how it has to interact with the rest the system

  • Don’t get designed into a corner, you may need Plan B – in fact it usually helps to have more than one legitimate idea as you move forward. This helps avoid sticking with a solution too long that should be discarded.

  • You can’t ‘will it to work’. And ”it might work” generally means it won’t work

  • Document all important work in a simple manner…your memory’s not that great and often results in faulty assumptions that somehow get turned into facts. Always pull the data to see what is really going on. Many so called facts are generally assumptions…if in doubt, treat it as an assumption and react accordingly

  • Turn the problem objective into a math problem if possible. Typically the guy with the equation wins.  It is easy to argue about subjective ideas like – that’ll never last, that’s not strong enough, or that’ll never make cycle time. Facts should rule in those kinds of discussions

  • When debugging, only change one thing at a time if possible…seems slow but it’s much faster long term. That way you know what worked and what didn’t.

  • When debugging, document a known ‘baseline’ that can be returned to when you’ve tried 4 things & you can’t get anything to work anymore, if in doubt go back to the baseline.

  • Sometimes the best way to improve the Design Factor of a system is not by increasing the capability of the system but reducing the requirement…sounds obvious but it’s not.

  • When working on timing issues never forget parallel operations are your friend…once again, not always obvious

  • Watch for unaccounted moment loading in a design.  Forces are rarely overlooked; however, moments are commonly ignored

  • Is the process defined?  Because a process has been duplicated twice in a lab doesn’t mean it can be automated

  • What’s the simplest thing that could work?

  • Given enough time and money you can solve anything, is regularly heard on the engineering and assembly floors, and it is the enemy of profitability.

  • If you had to contribute your paycheck towards it would you still solve it that way?

  • And finally - What would Steve do?

Value Curves

Thursday, February 11th, 2010 by Brad

As a pretty consistent reader of Harvard Business Review magazine, I find that there are many articles that are good and occasionally there articles that are very stimulating and worth remembering. Those articles make me think and give me new ideas to consider as we steer our business to be more successful. One of those articles that I read many years ago was, “Value Innovation – The Strategic Logic of High Growth”. It comes from the July/August 2004 issue. It is authored by W.Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne. I pulled it up again and read it as we are trying to chart some new courses in our business. In addition to that article, they also have written a best selling book named Blue Ocean Strategy, you may have heard of it, it is also worth the read.

In the article they point out that most industries compete around the same points of competition and it becomes a race where everyone makes incremental changes in how they compete, but not very often does anyone truly have a breakthrough in how they approach the marketplace. The basis of the article is that incremental points of competition pushes the products or services towards commodity pricing and fights over small changes in market share, no big gains are possible with this strategy.

If you want to make major changes in your industry you have to think differently. Below is an example of their value curve research.

Value Curve

Value Curve

Every industry completes on certain factors. I’ve labeled this example with 6 factors that are along the X axis., there may be more or less in your industry. If there are too many, I’d suggest you boil them down to the few that really matter. It will be hard to figure out what to do if you have too many. Factors vary by industry, some may be the same and some will be unique to your industry. Examples of factors may be cost, features, size, quality, etc. Spend enough time to make sure you really have what the points of competition are, not what you wish they were.

Along the Y Axis we have a relative scale – from high to low, expensive to cheap, many features to few features, etc. depending on what the factor is, you get the idea.

In this example the existing competition is the blue solid line. Based on the factors you can see that the factors fall in different places to the relative scale. In a typical industry the competition will nudge these factors incrementally up and down the relative scale trying to gain market share, but not changing the Value Curve in any significant way.

In this example, a newcomer arrives with a completely new strategy. This is represented with the pink dashed line. You can see that this strategy completely redefines the blue value curve in which the current players compete. Pink is significantly changing how they are going to compete by significantly changing the relative value of factors 1, 5, and 6. If they are successful they should enjoy success and their research says they will enjoy many years of uncontested competition.

Why does the huddle work at Setpoint Systems?

Thursday, January 14th, 2010 by JoeK

Setpoint Systems is an open book company. This means that our books are open to our employees. Even though we are a privately held company we choose to share our financial information.

When the company started in 1992, the engineer founders Joe Cornwell and Joe VanDenBerghe (aka the Joe’s) decided they wanted to share financials with their employees. As a project based company they found that the way their part-time CPA did the books with them did not give them a good measure of how the projects were performing financially on a week-to-week basis.

So the two Joes with the help of others developed a way of tracking their projects on a weekly basis that included hour tracking by labor section, material costs tracking, and earned value project management concepts. This allowed a fairly accurate measure of the financial performance for projects on a weekly basis. This type of the project financial analysis did not comply with GAAP (The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). Their CPA did not like it but it made sense to them and their employees.

The weekly tracking process happens on a big white board where projects are measured for material costs and percentage progress every week. The key project number, that every employee follows, is GP or gross profit by project (at Setpoint GP is simply earned revenue by percent complete less actual material costs). After the gross profit by project is measured then we compare that to our week OE or operating expenses. You take GP – OE to measure our profit for the week.

We track closely three measures on our huddle board. First, is GP/OE. For us, 1.2 is good and anything less is not good enough to sustain the business. Second, we track what percentage of our labor is direct to our automation projects. Third, is GP per direct hour charged to projects. Everyone knows that if our GP per hour is over a key threshold and our percent direct is over a key threshold Setpoint will make a nice profit and GP/OE will be well over 1.2.

It’s actually a really simple system. We have a monthly and annual bonus that pays out based on beating minimum GP-OE targets for the month and year. We also train all of our employees on how the huddle board works and what the key metrics mean.

So why does our huddle work? Well I think that there are few things that have made this simple 15-minute weekly meeting work for Setpoint. First, it’s a simple way to track projects and everyone understands it. Second, we tie objective financial rewards to how the board looks. Third, we involve every employee in the process. In the weekly huddle every employee has a seat at the table.

The power of Setpoint’s weekly huddle is evident in the survival and success of this business. When a project is bad on the board, the assembly people blame the design and engineering people, the design and engineering people say the project was under funded when it was sold and blame sales. We are all together in the meeting and it needs to be worked out between these groups or we do not have a business. The huddle creates at Setpoint what I like to call ‘psychic ownership’. Ever though all the employs do not own stock in Setpoint they act like owners because they see the performance on a weekly basis and want the company to perform well.

We have seen this ‘psychic ownership’ express itself in many ways over the years. Recently, when a project was nearing completion some shop people approached our CEO and challenged the percent complete shown on a specific project. They were in final assembly and thought the machine was well beyond 90% complete but our project engineer had the number much lower on the huddle board thus lowering our GP-OE and bonus for the month. In short, our assembly people accused the project engineer of sandbagging on the project. After a brief review an adjustment was made. We’ve also had situations where percent complete has been challenged as being farther along than we really are.

With everyone involved the huddle really keeps us safe and accurate on our business. We believe the huddle process and the systems behind it is the single greatest asset that Setpoint Systems has.

Project Cash Flow Forecasting

Wednesday, December 16th, 2009 by Machel

Bidding on large projects is bittersweet.  If you have an opportunity to bid on a project that could be either a blessing or a burden, it is important to manage the cash flow.  Because cash is King, it has the ability to put you in a castle or a shack.  What kind of living quarters you live in can be decided by cash flow.  A significant number of companies go out of business because of lack of cash, not a lack of great ideas.

When bidding on large projects there are a few questions that need to be addressed.  First, when are the costs of the project due?  Second, when will the majority of the labor be needed?  Third, what size of a down payment do I need?  When do I need progress payments?  Most companies think the down payment question should be answered first, but that is not always the case.  It is necessary to know when your costs are going out so you know what size your down payment needs to be and when your progress payments need to come in.

Let’s assume some facts for our example:

  1. Revenue on the project is $3,000,000
  2. Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) are $1,500,000
  3. Operating Expenses are $10,000 for the first 4 months, then gradually less as the project closes

Project Cash Flow at a 30% Down Payment

 

Jan-10

Feb-10

Mar-10

Apr-10

May-10

Jun-10

Jul-10

Income

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Invoiced

900,000

 

 

1,500,000

 

600,000

 

$ Rcvd

 

900,000

-

-

1,500,000

-

600,000

COGS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Estimated COG

 

450,000

450,000

450,000

150,000

 

 

Total COGS

-

450,000

450,000

450,000

150,000

-

-

Est OE

 

10,000

10,000

10,000

10,000

5,000

3,000

Total Cost

-

460,000

460,000

460,000

160,000

5,000

3,000

Net Effect

-

440,000

(460,000)

(460,000)

1,340,000

(5,000)

597,000

Cum Effect

-

440,000

(20,000)

(480,000)

860,000

855,000

1,452,000

Project Cash Flow at a 50% Down Payment

 

40,179

40,210

40,238

40,269

40,299

40,330

40,360

Income

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Invoiced

1,500,000

 

 

900,000

 

600,000

 

$ Rcvd

 

1,500,000

-

-

900,000

-

600,000

COGS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Estimated COG

 

450,000

450,000

450,000

150,000

 

 

Total COGS

-

450,000

450,000

450,000

150,000

-

-

Est OE

 

10,000

10,000

10,000

10,000

5,000

3,000

Total Cost

-

460,000

460,000

460,000

160,000

5,000

3,000

Net Effect

-

1,040,000

(460,000)

(460,000)

740,000

(5,000)

597,000

Cum Effect

-

1,040,000

580,000

120,000

860,000

855,000

1,452,000

Following the tables listed above, if you change the down payment from a 30% down payment to a 50% down payment, you go from needing $480,000 to not needing any additional cash at all during the entire project.  This is assuming a progress payment is scheduled four months into the project.

A spreadsheet like this does not take very much time to set up.  By putting in that extra time your company can go from living high on the hog to searching the couch cushions for change.

Whose Decision is it Anyway?

Wednesday, November 18th, 2009 by Brad

It is way too easy to say that because I’m the boss, I decide. That is a very autocratic approach, and your company will only be as good as the dictator at the top making those decisions, and there has never been a dictator that gets it right all the time.

The opposite view might be that you require consensus with all those involved before a decision can be made. In my experience, very rarely will everyone agree unless the decision has no consequences or you have a team of suck-ups. Have you ever heard the saying, “if two people in a company always come to the same conclusion, one of them is not necessary”. Not making a decision because everyone is not at consensus can be paralyzing to a company. Being unable to decide is a decision also, which can have disastrous consequences

Setpoint is unique in that our culture promotes ideas and debate regardless of who is on the other side of that debate. Pretty much everyone at Setpoint feels comfortable enough to tell me when they think I’m up in the night, and that happens all the way up and down the organization.

I have worked in other places where there were taboo subjects that you could not talk about in front of certain executives or owners. That has an unbelievable stifling effect on ideas and choices that come forward and can be considered. The worst part is that those executives never engage their organizations brains and get the benefit from those that are working closest to the challenges.

Creating the right environment for deciding:

  • You must create an environment where ideas can flow freely, with no repercussions
  • Make sure it fits into the strategic direction of the company
  • If you are surrounded by smart people and they are telling you not to go the direction you are thinking, maybe you should stop and listen to them because you might not have the best idea
  • At the end of the day what you and everyone in your organization should want is the decision that best fits for the direction you are heading
  • Very rarely will you have perfect information and data to make your decision, nor will the same checklist work for all circumstances
  • In my career it has been more important to recognize when you are off-course rather than holding off deciding until you have all the data you need to make a decision
  • If you do not give credit to those contributing the idea, it’s not hard to know who will decide in the future, it will be you because no one else will put their ideas forward
  • Have milestones where you check the validity of the decision to see if it is on- track or if modifications need to be made

Good luck in creating an environment where good decisions can be made.

Why cash and profit are different

Thursday, September 24th, 2009 by JoeK

As managers and business leaders we tend to focus our efforts on the income statement.  After all isn’t business all about being profitable?  The income statement measures profit so that should be our focus as we look at the success of our business.  If the bottom line of the income statement is positive then life is good.  If it is negative, then it’s time to find some outside investors.

Well what many managers and owners don’t understand is that the real key to being successful in business is having cash flow.  Cash is king.  A business fails when the cash runs out not when the company had losses on the income statement.  Cash flow is becoming a key measure on Wall Street right now.  Why?  Because investors and analysts know that in a liquidity crunch if a company can generate its own cash it will survive.  A second reason is that cash flow is not subject to as many estimates and assumptions as profit from the income statement.

So now the question how can cash and profit be that much different?  There are really three reasons why cash flow and profit do not match up well.

First, we book or record sales not when we collect on them but when the product or service is delivered.  This can lead to sales on the income statement that will not be collected for a great deal of time.  In most cases it can take 30-90 days to collect on those sales recorded this month on the income statement.  In the case of long-term contracts the recognition of the sale and the collection of the cash can be more than a year a part.

Second, we record expenses on the income statement when those expenses are incurred not paid in cash.  This is part of the accrual process.  The income statement is about matching expenses with sales.  So if I make payroll on September 1st, I do not charge that expense to September.  Rather, I charge it to August since the September 1st payroll is to cover work that was performed in August.  So we show an expense in August even though the cash did not go out until September.

Third, when I spend my cash to buy capital equipment for a business, things like computers, building, and vehicles, I depreciate them on the income statement as expenses over several years.  When I spend my cash on capital it’s gone.  On the other hand, the expense associated with this capital takes years to impact the income statement.

When one takes these three issues into account, it’s easy to see why cash and profit are two different things.  The message here for the financially intelligent business manger is to watch both cash and profit because understanding them is critical.  Why do most businesses fail?  Because they run out of cash.

The Discipline of Market Leaders Updated with Some Caveats

Thursday, September 10th, 2009 by Brad

In the mid 1990’s I read a book that connected with me. It was The Discipline of Market Leaders authored by Michael Treacy and Fred Wiersema. In a nutshell it said that companies need to pick their marketing strategy from one of three choices, those choices are Operational Efficiency, Product Leadership, or Customer Intimacy. A company that believes they should do all three will fail.

 It goes like this:

  • Companies are most successful when they focus on only one marketing discipline
  • Companies are mediocre when they focus on two marketing disciplines
  • Companies will be run over when they think they can do all three

 

The table below summarizes the concepts of the book:

 

OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY

PRODUCT LEADERSHIP

CUSTOMER INTIMACY

Core Business Process

Sharpen distribution systems and provide no-hassle service

 

Nurture ideas, translate them into products and market them skillfully

Provide solutions and help customers run their business

 

Structure

Strong central authority and a finite level of empowerment

Acts in an ad hoc. Organic loosely knit, and ever changing way

Pushes empowerment close to customer contact

 

Management Systems

Maintain standard operating procedures

 

Reward individuals’ innovative capacity and new product success

Measure the cost of providing service and of maintaining customer loyalty

Culture

Acts predictably and believes that “one size fits all”

Experiments and thinks “out of the box”

Flexible and thinks ” have it your way”

 

Company Examples

Wal-Mart - McDonalds

Intel - Nike - 3M

Nordstrom

Over the last few years I have heard nothing from these authors. I wondered are the concepts no longer valid, what has changed?

My feelings are they are as relevant today as they were 10 years ago, with two caveats.

First: it doesn’t matter what strategy you are pursuing, you need to continually look at ways to lower your costs and add more value (from the customers view not the companies) for lower costs. This is a fact in the world we live in today with no exceptions that I am aware of.

Second: adding more features and functions after a certain point where the customers aren’t demanding them will open up the possibilities of a disruptive product coming in and interrupting your strategy. This disruptive concept was originated in the book The Innovators Dilemma by Clayton M. Christensen, it is worth reading.

The Discipline of Market Leaders is still a relevant book today to help companies chart their path, but remember the two caveats.

Deciding on the Direction for your Company

Thursday, August 6th, 2009 by Brad

Companies that remain static and don’t evolve will eventually lose their profit margins and sink into oblivion. At Setpoint, as we try and adapt to the changing landscape I have noticed several things in dealing with deciding our company’s direction.

First, change is hard. It is much easier to continue doing what has been done in the past, even if it is not getting the results it used to, and rarely have I seen an idea that just works right out of the gate.

You can’t do everything, and if you try to, it will result in spreading your resources (money, time, people) so thin that you cannot be successful at anything. One of the hardest things is, deciding what not to do. It is difficult because you tend think that you are potentially leaving money on the table, and you may be – but you are doing it to pursue a better idea with more potential.

We have found that some feel more passionately about an idea than others, so we have developed a rule that is simply “whoever has passion about an idea gets less than 50% of the vote”. This helps us make more objective decisions. Key message is, don’t be so in love with a strategy or idea that you can’t dispose of it when all the facts point that way.

You never have perfect information before a decision needs to be made. As a result, assumptions are made in order to make progress. The problem is, unless those assumptions are tracked and noted they tend to become facts over time, and often those assumptions are wrong. You have to revisit assumptions to validate, modify, or eliminate them to reflect new information you now have. Not doing so can lead to less than desirable outcomes.

At Setpoint we try and follow the philosophy of “fail faster”. In other words, if something is not going to work the sooner you identify it the cheaper it is for the company in terms of money, time, and people. Most ideas can be validated or eliminated without much cost or time if the key issues have been correctly identified. The few key remaining ideas can then claim your valuable resources.

The shorter iteration cycles the better; the clearer the objectives, the easier it will be to identify the key issues that need to be proved out in order to validate the direction.

These are some of the techniques we are using at Setpoint to decide our companies direction.

This process is an ongoing part of a healthy company’s life. So get on with it.

Virtual Companies

Monday, May 11th, 2009 by Brad

You read and hear a lot about virtual companies these days. What does it take to actually try and make one work?

At Setpoint, we are in a highly cyclical business.  We used to size our business based on the busy times and then try and tough it out during the slow times with out having to lay people off.  Every time you have to lay people off, it is very painful – not only for the people you have to let go, but it is difficult for those that remain. A couple of years ago we made a strategic decision to size our company for the lean times and use outsourcing techniques to handle the busy times, we decided to try and become a small base of key people that can wear many hats and outsource some functions that we believed could be more generic with proper management.

I had read many articles about the virtualization of the work force. One book that gives great insight is The Future of Work by Thomas W. Malone.

It is hard to make a virtual company work. Reading about it is one thing, putting it into action profitably has been much more difficult.

We used www.dice.com to help us filter and identify technical people that fit our needs.  We then used our best mentoring VP to sort through the resumes and set up discussions to find those that might match with our culture.

One thing we did instead of flying them out to meet with us was, we set up a 20 hour project they had to complete (we paid them for this) to see how they would do. We found out a lot by seeing how they solved that project. Like all people that work for a company – not all will be a fit for you or them, the sooner you find out the better for everyone involved.

We have needed many tools to help us make this concept work. One of the main tools we use many times a day is from www.37signals.com – it is called Basecamp. This is our main communication and file tool, it is a diary of all that is taking place and assignments given. We use concurrent licenses for our engineering software programs to give us flexibility to share licenses. www.twiddla.com helps in our concepting phase. Every engineer has a unique color they use so we can recognize who has done what. www.gotomeeting.com is used to host virtual meetings and share information. You will need a conferencing program so that many can join the daily conversations. Setpoint is considering IP phones so we can send phones to our virtual employees and have them just a local extension away.

As you start out with new people give them clear short work assignments to make sure you and they are a good fit with your culture. The key roles of some of your employees will have to change. They have to over communicate and not be afraid to call up and see how their distant team member is doing. One of worst things is to assume everything is going fine if you don’t hear from a virtual team member.

More than anything it is important to have frequent (at least daily) contact with your virtual people. We have done things to connect with our offsite members so they feel like they are working for a real company that cares for them. In Basecamp we have a picture of our facility. As we send messages back and forth through Basecamp we have our own pictures on the message to reinforce that there is a real person behind all of this action.

Your face to the customer has to remain with your employees. We have found that customers have to connect with employees – not virtual team members. It has to appear seamless to them.

We feel that we are making progress but it is a continual battle.  Is it better than carrying too many employees through a downtime in the cyclical nature of this business? For us, the answer is a definite yes.

We are still growing at being a company that has virtual team members and believe we still have many lessons to learn as we go down this path. We’d love to hear from any of you out there that can help Setpoint get there faster.